{"id":8,"date":"2023-04-01T12:38:31","date_gmt":"2023-04-01T12:38:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/?p=8"},"modified":"2023-04-01T12:44:31","modified_gmt":"2023-04-01T12:44:31","slug":"1000-a-level-biology-revision-questions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edu.co.tz\/notes\/1000-a-level-biology-revision-questions\/","title":{"rendered":"1000 \u2018A\u2019 LEVEL BIOLOGY REVISION QUESTIONS"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><strong>A LEVEL BIOLOGY REVISION QUESTIONS (1000 QNS)<\/strong><br \/>\n\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Discuss the role of genes in protein synthesis.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) What are the causes of variation and its biological importance?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(C) Account for the causes of variations in asexually reproducing population.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is the fate of a glucose molecule in the cell cytoplasm<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Discuss the energy flow in a named ecosystem.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Outline the functioning of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the human body.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Compare the ANS and the endocrine system.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) How is stomatal opening brought about in leaves?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Why is transpiration considered a necessary evil to plant life?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"> (a) Compare the open circulatory system and closed circulatory system.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"> (b) Describe the functioning of the circulatory system in insects.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) With specific examples explain how the alternation of generation occur in living organsms.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is meant by the term ecological succession?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Describe the stage involved in succession on an abandoned farm land.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) How does biomass, specie number and biodiversity very with the serial stages.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Write an essay on the phytochrome systems.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Explain what the expression safe period means with reference to a woman&#8217;s menstrual cycle.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Describe the hormonal and other changes that occur from fertilization to birth in humans.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is the biological significance of homeostasis?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Outline the homeostatic processes and their functioning in animals.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is the biological significance of homeostasis?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Trace the evolutionary trend of water conservation mechanisms of organisms.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) Explain using a diagram the structure and functioning of he kidney nephron.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Relate the structure of the following to their functions:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Carbohydrates<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Proteins.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) With evidence discuss the sliding filament hypothesis in musclar movement.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Outline the adaptations of birds for flight.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Outline the evidence4 of evolution.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Discuss the evolutionary evidence from the organic evolutionary point.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-2-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Briefly outline the advancements of phylum anthropods over phylum annelida.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Discuss with reasons he biodiversity and success of anthropods.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Discuss man&#8217;s influence and impact on the environment.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Outline the effect of large mammals in a national park.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Using a suitable method describe how the population size may be determined.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) Explain the management of such mammals for a stable ecosystem.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Discuss the response of stomata to environmental factors.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Explain why the stomata of a leaf tend to open during day and close at night.  What advantage is there in this?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is the role of transpiration in plants?  Describe the mechanism of transpiration<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) What factors affect rate of transpiration?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) What theories have been advanced to explain translocation in plants?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is meant by translocation?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) What theories have been advanced to explain translocation in plants?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is an essential element in plants?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Name all the micro-nutrients and macro-nutrients of plants.  What are the respective functions in plant growth?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Compare oxidation phosphoryalation and photosynthetic phosphorylation.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Discuss the &#8220;light&#8221; and &#8220;dark&#8221; stages of photosynthesis.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) Name and give functions of the photosynthetic pigments present in plant cells.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Describe the structure of muscles.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Describe the sequence of Event involved in the stimulation and contraction of the skeletal muscle fibre.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) What are the functions of muscles?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Outline the chemical changes which the proteins and the fats undergo when they are used as energy source.  Illustrate where the products of the change link up with carbohydrate respiration.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Discuss the role of A.T.P. in a living cell.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Describe with specific examples how different animals conceal themselves from their enemies.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) What factors would enable a predator to successfully act as a biological control.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Describe the sequence of events in which a molecule of CO<sub>2<\/sub> expired by Herbivore might become incorporated into a molecule of Glycogen in another animal of the same species.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Describe with examples how and where plants store food.  What is the importance of the stored food to the plant?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-3-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Compare the changes which take place in the reproductive organs leading to the formation of Gametes in man.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Explain how the mammalian kidney eliminates metabolic waste products from the body.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Discuss how different terrestrial mammals conserve water.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) A mutation is a source of genetic variation in a population.  How do such variations arise?  How are they maintained within a population and what are their importances?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Sexual reproduction reduces the level of genetic variation in a population.  Outline the4 mechanism by which a sexual reproduction is achieved and under what circumstances might lack of genetic variation be advantageous?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Give an account of the production of gametes by the mammalian ovary.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Explain the role of hormones in sexual cycle of a female mammal.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) How does the role of hormones change?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">The early stages of pregnancy?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">The final stages of pregnancy?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Show how amoeba and spyrogyra can be classed together as living organisms but distinguished as an animal and a plant cell.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Describe the mechanism of locomotion of amoeba.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Describe and account for the circulatory and respiratory changes which occur in the skeletal muscle during assertion of strenuous exercise on them.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Describe the mechanism concerned with the transport of CO<sub>2<\/sub> in the blood and its release at the alveoli surface.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Describe the structure of a protein molecule.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Discuss the roles of proteins in the Human.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Describe the structure of DNA molecule.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Describe the mechanism of protein synthesis in a cell.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) Briefly state how an animal deals with excess proteins.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is an ecosystem?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Describe the flow of energy and recycling of carbon and nitrogen in any named ecosystem.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Giving examples explain how some animals are able to utilize cellulose available in their food.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) What problems does a man with a ruptured pancreas face in utilizing ingested food?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Define evolution.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Variation is said to provide the raw materials for evolution.  This can be due to environmental or genetic factors.  Describe how both sources of variation could contribute to specialization and evolution.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) How has man used this knowledge of variation and evolution to his benefit?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-4-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is a parasite?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Describe the adaptations of the named parasite in (b) above to its mode of nutrition.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Protection storage transport conduction ad support are some of the functions performed by plant tissues for each of the functions, name one different tissue and show how the structure of the tissue is related to its function.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Outline the different methods by which insects transmit plant and animal disease giving examples.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Discuss the response of stomata to environmental factors.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Explain why the stomata of a leaf tend to open during day and close at night.  What advantage is there in this?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Insects have been regarded as a very successful group in life.  State factors that have contributed to the success of the insects&#8217; class.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Outline the different methods by which insects transmit plant and animal disease giving examples.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is the role of transpiration in plants?  Describe the mechanism of transpiration.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) What factors affect rate of transpiration?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) What process is responsible for the phenomenon of guttation?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(d) Explain how transpiration bring about rise of water up a tall plant.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is meant by translocation?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) What theories have been advanced to explain translocation in plants?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is an essential element in plants?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Name all the micro-nutrients and macro-nutrients of plants.  What are their respective functions in plant growth?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Compare oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Discuss the &#8220;light&#8221; and &#8220;dark&#8221; stages of photosynthesis.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) Name and give functions of the photosynthetic pigments present in plant cells.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"> (a) Compare photosynthetic phosphorylation and oxidation phosphorlation.  What are the role of ferredoxin and phostoquinone?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"> (b) Describe the light reactions of photosynthesis.  What are the products of these reactions?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) Compare the process of cyclic and non-cyclic photosysphorylation.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(d) Discuss the sequence of events that constitute the dark reaction of photosynthesis.  What are the products of these reactions?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Write a concise description of the structure and life history of the common mushroom and account for their relatively widespread distribution of this fungus.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Compare and contrast from the functional point of view the circulatory systems of a mammal and an earthworm.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">With reference to named examples, state adaptations developed by various animals for locomotion:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 216pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">-5-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 117pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">on dry land<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">in air.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Compare the flight mechanism in birds and insects.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Compare the method of ventilation in a bony fish, such as tilapia with that of man.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Name the different respiratory surfaces utilized by the different animals explaining briefly their structures.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Outline the general characteristics of these surfaces that enable them carry out their functions.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) How is the haemoglobin molecule adapted to its functions of gaseous transport?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">  An area of land was chosen for the establishment of a new settlement.  Describe a biological feasibility study you would carry out to determine its suitability for an agricultural settlement.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Describe the process of digestion in the small intestine of a mammal<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) How is the secretion of enzyme in humans controlled?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Give an account of the process of photosynthesis.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) How does photosynthesis benefit?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">A paramecium and a green alga living within its body?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">A bird feeding on ticks off the body of a buffalo?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Describe spermatogenesis in a mammal.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) What is the importance of meiosis in sexual reproduction?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) How does temperature regulation in mammals differ from that in reptiles?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) What are the advantages of endoethermy in mammals?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give an account of the perennating organs in plants and roles they play in the survival of plant species.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Explain what the expression &#8220;safe period&#8221; means with reference to a woman&#8217;s cycle when implantation does occur.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 108pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">comment on the efficiency of the &#8216;safe period&#8217; as a contraceptive technique.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 90pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Compare ventilation in bony-fish and cartilaginous fish.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Distinguish between mitosis and meiosis.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 108pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the changes you would observe in a cell during gametogenesis in male organisms.   Comment on the importance of meiosis in sexually reproducing organism.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 90pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a). What are the organs, which form the female reproductive system in man?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 252pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">-6-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b). Outline the major changes in the development of a fertilized egg until just after birth in a woman.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What are the values of National Parks to Uganda?  What problems are often encountered in the management of National Parks?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">State FIVE ways by which cartilage differs from bone.  Outline the functions of the mammalian skeleton.  What could lead to malformation of bones in human being?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe how you would conduct experiments to determine changes in population of the following organisms:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">A species of plant in a grassland area.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">A small mammal such as a rodent also in a grassland area.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Protozoa in a water pond.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Describe the structure and composition of the DNA molecule.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Explain how mutations may arise.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) What may be the consequences of such mutations in natural populations?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) How and in what form do plants and animals obtain the nitrogen they require?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) In what ways do the plants<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Explain the ways by which heat is lost from the body of an animal.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Describe how a small mammal e.g. a cat and a reptile e.g. lizard can overcome fluctuating environmental temperatures.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"> Write a short account of site of production, transport and functions of three named mammalian hormones.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the transport of materials in the phloem citing experimental evidence for the process.  What hypotheses have been suggested to explain transport in phloem cells?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">With reference to named animals distinguish between eternal and internal fertilization.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">&#8211; Briefly outline the mode of nutrition, nitrogenous excretion and gaseous exchange in subsequent stages of development of a frog, a bird and a mammal.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(i) State any two theories, which have been put forward to explain stomatal movements.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(ii) Describe the mechanism of stomatal movements based on one of these theories.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(iii) What are the limitations of the theory you have described?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">State and describe the phases of sexual (menstrual) cycle.  Describe how it is initiated and maintained in animals by endocrine secretions.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Explain what is meant by: endoskeleton, exoskeleton and hydrostatic skeleton?  With the relevant examples, explain briefly how each of the mentioned structures are used in locomotion.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the structure of xylem elements in flowering plants.  Explain how the vessels are able to maintain a continous flow of water up a fall tree.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 216pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">-7-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is transpiration?  Outline how it is affected by environmental factors.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of transpiration in terrestrial plants?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Discuss the process of nitrogen fixation what are the usual forms in which nitrogen is absorbed by plant?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Write brief accounts of three of the following:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Apical dominance, metamorphosis, gametogenesis, photoperiodism,<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">commensalisms.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">The taking in oxygen and control of water balance are two of the important metabatic processes, choose an example in a plant, name the organs involved and discuss how the process take place.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the mechanism of protein synthesis in a cell.  Briefly state how an animals cell deals with excess proteins.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What features of viruses are of significance in adapting them to a jourasitic way of life?  In your answer refer to one plant and one animal virus.  Why is it difficult to place viruses in any of the accepted group of living organism?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">List the function of the mammalian skin.  Explain how each of the functions you have listed is carried out by the skin.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What Biological problems do you think are associated with skin grafting?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Why is it necessary for higher plants to be differentiated into tissues?  Describe the development and the structure of three important tissues with different functions and how their structures are related to their functions.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">why is it more difficult to study the inheritance of quantitative characters such as size, weight and intelligence than qualitative ones such as ABO and Rh blood antigens?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"> In man <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">normal<\/span> in short fin fingers is genetically controlled.  If indivuals are grouped as <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">normal<\/span> or short short-fingered,f the character appears to be controlled by one of alleles.  Short \u2013fingered individuals, however, show a range in length of the index-finger from extremely short to slightly short.  What might explain this variation in the expression of short finguredness?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">EITHER<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">If you are given plants of a species unknown to you, describe what you would do, using only ordinary school equipment, to study the process and changes leading from unopened flower bud to the formation of fruits and seeds.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">OR<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Choose two animal species you have studied in their habitat, describe how these species animals are related to conditions in which they are living.  How has man&#8217;s activities affected the distribution of animals?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-8-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Where and how do plants store food?  What is the importance of food stored in<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">seeds<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">organs of paremation?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">  What are the main differences b\/a flowers which are wind-pollinated and those which are insect pollinated?  Describe the sequence of events from the time and fallen grain is deposited as to the stigma until a mature endosperm seed is produced.  In your answer pay particular to the importance of cell division.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What are the main features of the photosynthetic process?  Show how this process is important in the life of the following organisms:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">A parastic fungus living on a parasitic fruit<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">A bacterium living on organic matter in the soil<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">A fea feeding on the blood of a lion.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What is meant by?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Analogous structures<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Homologous structures<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Vestigal structures.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give examples of each.  How can these structures be used as evidence for the process of organic evolution?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Explain the difference  between direct development and development which includes larval forms by outline the life histories of two animals.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Explain two important parts played in the life histories of animals by larval stages (refer to the named example).<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) In what ways can larval forms of named animal be considered of economic importance in East Africa?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">With the aid of a diagram, describe the structure of herbaceous monotyledenous stem, and indicate how it differs from that of a woody dicotyledori.  What are the functions of any three important  tissues you have described?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Explain how breathing movements are carried out by a mammal.  How is the cycle maintained?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) How does vigorous exercise affect?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Breathing frequency<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Pulse rate?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Explain how these effects are bought out.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"> What are the main metabolic waste products of a mammal?  Explain how the kidney is involved in the elimination of some of these products from the body of a mammal.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Sutelopes are common in E. Africa grasslands.  Outline the interrelationship which may exist b\/in the antelopes and :<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Other mammals<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Insects<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Green plants.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">-9-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Compare the composition and function of blood and tissue fluid (including lymph) in a mammal.  State briefly how tissue fluid reenters the blood system.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What do you understand by the terms heteotroph?  Give labeled drawings to show the appearance of the alimentary canals of an earthworms and adult \u2013frog.  For each animal, state how large surface area of absorptive surface, relative to the internal volume of the animal, has been achieved?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the methods used by each animal to obtain food.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Explain as fully as the part played by each of the following in the process of respiration in plants and animals:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Enzymes, hydrogen acceptors, inorganic phosphates, oxygen.  &#8216;The efficiency of aerobic respiration is claimed to be 45%.  Comment briefly on this statement.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give an account of the part played by each of the following in the process of respiration in plants and animals:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Enzymes, hydrogen acceptors inorganic phosphate, oxygen.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">&#8216;The efficiency of aerobic respiration is claimed to be 45%.  Comment briefly on this statement.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What are the physical principles involved in the transfer of heat between the animal and its environment?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe briefly morphological physiological and behavioural adaptation.  Which enable the animals to withstand high environmental temps.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Viruses are very small, multiply only in the host cell and contain relatively few chemical constituents write an account of viruses explaining these facts.  Do you consider viruses to be living organisms?  Give reasons for your answer.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Explain what is meant by sexual reproduction and how it differs from a sexual reproduction.  You know a farmer who wishes to grow a crop that ripens evenly and of uniform quality.  What do you need to know about the breeding system of the crop before you could advise against growing the crop from seed, what would you recommend and why?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">A fully heterozygine maize plant was red normal seed.  It was crossed with a green plant with tassel seed.  The following results were obtained.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Represent by means of a suitable symbols genotypes of the parental and of F, generation.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Do the results, indicate linkage?  Give reasons for your answer.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe briefly the physical basis of linkage.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Explain the following terms:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Long day plant<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Day neutral plant<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Critical day length.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">A long day plant grown in short days is transferred to long days.  Describe want happens?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-10-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">It is sometimes said that flowering is brought about by a hormone \u2013 like substance formed in the plant in the appropriate day-length.  Describe ten experiments, which suggest the existence of this substance.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give an account of the process of sexual reproduction in a named coelenterate and a named fern and show that the process is essentially similar in each organism.  Indicate by simple drawings, eh position of the sex organs in both organisms<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Explain the following terms:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Long day plant<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Day neutral plant<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Critical day length.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">A long day plant grown in short days is transferred to long-days.  Describe what happens?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It is sometimes said that flowering is brought about by a hormone-like substance formed in the plant in the appropriate day-length.  Describe the experiments which suggests the existance of this substance.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give an explanation for each of the following statements. (Biochemical formulae and diagrams of reactions are not required)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Anaerrobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">A human liver cell may contain one thousand or more mitochondria in its cyloplasm, the human red blood cell has none.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Under certain conditions the muscle may require and oxygen debt.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">The following questions require short answers only:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">State two important differences which can be seen under a light microscope between plant and animal cells.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Name the membrane bounded channels which form a network and at most fill the cytoplasm of most cells and are seen only in an electron micrograph.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give the name of the &#8216;small granules&#8217; which often cover the membrane \u2013 founded channels referred to in (b).  What is their function?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give one way by which you would require the colloidal \u2013 stage&#8217; of protoplasm.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Which constituents of cytoplasm are responsible for the colloidal state\/<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Viewed under the electron microscope the cell membrane has 3-layered \u2013 structure.  What is thought to be the chemical nature of each of these layers?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">List the cellular components of a gastric gland and give the function of <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">each<\/span>.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give two reasons why viruses are not usually accepted as &#8216;cells&#8217;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Outline the life-cycle of the honey bee (or other named social insect).  In what respect is the worker caste specialized in relation to social behaviour?  Explain briefly how a colony of social insects controls the size of its population.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Explain what is meant by any <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">three<\/span> of the following in relation to organic revolution:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 108pt\">\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">homologous organs, vestigial organs<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">-11-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">endemic species, fossil bones.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 90pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What is the importance of parasites to natural community?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">With reference to a <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">named<\/span> parasite, give an account of the advantages and disadvantages of its way of life.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) From what substance is oxygen evolved during photosynthesis evolved?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What evidence can you give to support your answer?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Name the substance formed as a direct result of the &#8216;<span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">light reaction<\/span>&#8216; in photosynthesis.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) State briefly how atmospheric carbon dioxide reaches the chloroplast of the leaf cells.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(d) Outline the process by which sugar is formed in the dark \u2013 reaction in photosynthesis.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(e) In many plants the sugar made in photosynthesis is immediately converted into starch.  Suggest an explanation for this immediate transformation.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Red blood cells are very sensitive to change in salt concentration of the solution and if transferred from plasma to a less concentration solution they swell and may even burst (haemolysis).  In an experiment to find the percentage of human cells haemolysed at different concentration of the solution the following result would be obtained:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">     Percentage \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a00.33\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a00.36\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a00.38\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a00.39\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a00.42\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a00.44\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a00.48<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">     Conc.(gm\/100ml)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">     Percentage y<sup>2<\/sup> R.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0100\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0  90\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0   80\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0  68\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0   30\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0  16          0<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Plot the results on the graph paper provided and draw the curve.  Use the horizontal axis<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0for the varying percentage of salt concentration.  Answer the following questions.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 117pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give a short explanation to account for haemolysis.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">At what percentage salt concentration does haemolysis begin?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">At what percentage salt concentration are all the cells haemolysed.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">At what percentage salt concentration are the proportions if haemolysed and non-haemolysed cells equal?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What do you think would happen to the cells if the percentage salt concentrated of the external solution were increased to about 0.6?  Explain your answer.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What part of the human body is responsible for detecting changes in the salt concentration in the blood?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Name the principal organ in man concerned with maintaining with uniform salt concentration of the blood.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What do you regard as a safe percentage salt concentration for human blood?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe how the skeleton of a named arthropod is used in the animals&#8217;  locomotion.  How is it possible for an earthworm to move without the aid of a skeleton?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What is the part played in the life-cycle of each of the following<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 144pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">The sporangium of mucor  (or Rhizopus)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">The sporangium of a fern.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">The stamen of a flowering plant?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 126pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 126pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">    -12-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 144pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">The labeled drawings to show the appearance of (a) and (b), as seen under the microscope.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 144pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Write a brief account of the chemical nature of starch and protein.  In what forms are these two substances transported within flowering plants, and by what mechanism is the movement brought about?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give a brief account of the factors and process involved in temperature control in mammals.  Where is the temperature regulating centre in name?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">How is he centre stimulated?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Show, by reference to a named higher insect, e.g. calliphora or Musca, that you understand the terms ecdysis and metamorphosis.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 91pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Discuss part played by any two named insects as carriers of disease.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is a &#8221; sense organs&#8221; State briefly why sense organs are found in animals but not in plants.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) What senses are served by the mammalian ear and how does the ear function?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What are primary and secondary meristems in flowering plants?  Illustrate your answer with fully labeled drawings.  What is the importance of these meristems in the growth of the plant?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give a labeled drawing to show the microscopic structure of <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">paramecium<\/span>.  How do you think paramecium regulates the amount of water within its body?  Describe an experiment which you could carry out to test this hypothesis.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give a labeled drawing to stage of mitosis.  It will be sufficient if you draw two non-homologous chromosomes.  Describe the changes which be seen to occur during the later stages of mitosis.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe how chromosomes replication is believed to take place.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Throughout the life of man urine is constantly produced by the kidney.  Explain why this is necessary.  Give a labeled drawing of one kidney tubule and describe how it functions?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give diagrams of how relative positions of xylem and phloem tissues in a primary stem, primary root and leaf of a named plant.  Give details of the components of xylem and phloem tissues and compare their functions.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Locomotion is characteristic of animals rather than plants.  What do you regard as the basic reason for this difference?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Either (a) Show by means of a labeled drawing the structure of a bird&#8217;s wing and explain how wings are used in flight.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Or       (b) Write an account of locomotion in fish, referring particularly to shape, endoskeleton, myotomes and spinal cord.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give a summary of Darwin&#8217;s reasoning which led him to suggest hypothesis of evolution by means of natural selection.  Marsupial mammals are abundant in and around<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 144pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">-13-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"> Australia, common in South America and are represented by only one species, the opossium, in the U.S.A and are found nowhere else.  How do you explain this curious distribution of marsupials?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What kind of evidence best explains cases of discontinous distribution of animals?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the structure of vegetative mycelium of either MUCOR OR RHIZOPUS.  Write an account of the changes that occur in the mycelium during reproduction.  What is the importance of these changes to the plant?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe an experiment, which you have carried out to measure the growth of a small animal and in which you were required to relate growth to food intake.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Explain how the structure of the head and thorax of a locust (or cockroach) is related to function.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Take as an example of a named habitat with which you are familiar, and describe how you would investigate the climates factors and soil factors of the area.  Describe, how two plants and two animals of the area selected are adapted to their environment.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the structure of the inflorescence and the flower of a named cereal or grass.  This group of plants depends on the wind for the transfer of pollen.  Comment upon those features of the morphology, distribution and life cycle of the grasses or cereal, which adapt them to this mode of pollination.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the growth in size of a small animal (e.g from birth on wards).  What are the factors that describe an experiment you could perform to relate food supply to growth.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Flower colour (Red or White) and hairness (hairy or smooth) are two characters in a sweet pea that are inherited as single factors.  Describe experiments you would carry out to show:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">The dorminant recessive relations of these characters.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Whether the characters are carried on the same or on different chromosomes.  In each describe the results you might obtain.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">As animals evolved and colonized dry land, they were faced with danger of dessication, both at the adult stage and during development.  Taking as examples a fish, a frog,  a bird and a mammal, describe the processes leading to fertilization and the way the embryo is protected and nourished, to illustrate how the danger, where it arises, has been overcome at this stage of the life cycle. (Details of the development of embigo are not required)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Outline the stages which glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water in the process of respiration in cells.  Explain the part played by Adenosine Triphospahte (ATP) in this process.  Why is it thought that respiration is carried out in the<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">list the constituents of a balanced diet, and state briefly the role of each  in the metabolism of the animals.  How would show you experimentally that vitamin C was essential for the health of rats?  What precautions would you have to take, and how you would decide whether rats were healthy?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 180pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">-14-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What are the characteristics of a virus?  How do viruses differ from bacteria?  What are their ways in which disease causing viruses are spread from organism to organism?  Give examples.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">With reference to named examples, state adaptations developed by various animals for locomotion:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">on dry land<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">in the air.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">   Discuss the importance of leaves to the plant.  What are the main differences between submerged, floating and aerial leaves?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) How do human beings and birds regulate their body temperatures?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) What are the advantages of endothermy?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) How are the gas exchange surfaces adapted for their function in terrestrial<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">      mammals?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Give an account of gas exchange mechanism in a bony fish such as Tilapia.  How do these mechanism differ from those of terrestial mammals?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Outline the ecological effects of fire in the abiotic and biotic comparents of an<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">ecosystem.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Where and how do plants store food?  Give examples.  What is the importance of the stores of food to plants?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Compare and contrast parasitism with symbiosis giving examples where possible of what significance is symbiosis to man?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Draw and label a summary of the mammalian blood circulatory system.  Compare and contrast circulatory system of a mammal with that of an insect.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">With the help of large labeled diagrams compare gaseous exchange in a <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">named <\/span> terrestrial insect and a named bony fish.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What is the secondary growth?  With the help of diagrams;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Show how a vascular cambium forms secondary xylem and phloem.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the activities of a cork cambium in a stem.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe how a molecule of glucose is broken down in the glycolytic pathway.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give an account of the cohesion \u2013 tension theory for the transport of water to the leafy shoot of a tree.  Give a brief account of modifications of plant structures that influence the rate of water loss.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Name the mechanism involved in transfer of heat between animals and their environment.  Describe briefly, morphological, philological and behavioural adaptations which enable animals to withstand high temperatures.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 216pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">-15-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Describe the significance of wild life conservations in Kenya \/ Uganda.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Why do farmers sometimes find it difficult to accept <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">wild \u2013 life <\/span>conservation?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">A new area has been proposed for settlement by group of farmers.  Discuss the feasibility study you would undertake to ascertain its suitability for agriculture.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Explain how the mammalia kidney eliminates metabolic waste products from the body.  In which ways do excretory products of birds differ from mammals?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the main causes of seed dormancy.  How can dormancy be broken?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Distinguish between sympathetic and para-sympathetic various system in mammal.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) What differences are there between normal and nervous communication?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Discuss how the human regulates its temperature and blood \u2013 glucose concentrations.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">With the aid of labeled diagrams, describe in detail the structural features of mitrehondria and chloroplasts, which are related to their ability to carry out their biological functions.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Using information from your own field studies write short notes on four of the following:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Biomass pyramid<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Adaptive behaviour of arthropods<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Epithytes and climbers<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Colonization<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Sampling technique<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">One soil organism.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What an object suddenly approaches the eye, the eyelids involuntarily blink.  What is the physiological process, which causes this response?  Devise an experiment with could show the response of any named invertebrate to the stimulus of light.  Describe the apparatus you would require, the results you would expect and how you would record them.  What conclusion would you draw?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the mechanism of heating of the mammalian heart.  Suggest two factors that would normally change the rate of its best.  By means of a simple plan only, show the circulation of blood in a mammal.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Outline the life history of a named form either by means of a diagram or by a description.  Draw a drawing to show the external appearance of a small portion of a leaf, bearing reproductive organs label the parts you draw.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">How does the kidney regulate the water content of the body?  Give the principal substances excreted in mammalian urine?  Give briefly the functions of the ureter, urethra and he urinary bladder.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 216pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">-16-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the structure and function of the \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. of a flowering plant.  What changes take place in the nucleus during the formation of pollen grain?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the different methods by which insects transmit diseases.  Give examples.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What is the chemical nature of foods commonly stored in<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">mammals and<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">flowering plants?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">If there were no fossils, what evidence would there be for theory of evolution?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Briefly indicate, the reasons, which type of evidence you consider most convincing.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(i) State two theories, which have been put forward to explain stomatal movements.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(ii) Describe the mechanism of stomatal movements based on one of these theories.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(iii) What are the limitations of the theory you have described?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">State and describe the phases of sexual (menstrual) cycle.  Describe how it is initiated and maintained in mammals by endocrine secretion.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What is meant by endoskeleton and hydrostatic skeleton?  With relevant principles, explain briefly how each of the mentioned structures are used in locomotion.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the structure of xylem elements in flowering plants.  Explain how the vessels are able to maintain a continuous flow of water up a tall tree.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is transpiration?  Outline how it is affected by the environmental factors.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of transpiration in terrestrial plants?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Describe changes undergone by chromosomes from interphase to telophase of mitosis.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Name two processes which ensure that each of the two daughter cells from mitosis reuxain diploid as the mother cell.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 91pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give any four differences between mitosis and merosis.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) How is each of the following organisms adapted to its mode of nutrition?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Roundworm (Ascaris Lunricoides).<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Tick<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Potato blight (phytopthora infestans)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) What are the main effects of the organisms in (a) on their hosts?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) How do nitrogen fixing bacteria differ from roundworm in their relationship with their hosts?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 91pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What is the economic importance of nitrogen fixing bacteria?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Illustrate and label the principal facts of a spermatozoan indicationg the functions of each part.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Compare the changes, which take place in the reproductive organs leading to the formation of gametes in man.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">              \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-17-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Give an account of how a man inside a house perceives a song of bird in the compound.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Photosphorylation.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">chemosynthesis<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Explain how light energy is transformed into chemical energy for dark assimilation.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) Outline the formation of starch form carbon dioxide by green plants (Details of Biochemical reaction not required).<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Give an account of how a man inside a house perceives a song of a bird in the compound.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) How is the hearing ability of a man different from that of bats?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Using information from your own field studies, write short notes on four of the following:-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Biomass pyramid<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Adaptive behaviour of arthropods<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Epiphytes and climbers<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Colonization<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Sampling techniques<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">One soil organism.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the structure and life history of a named saprophyteic fungus.  What are the difference in the mode of nutrition of the fungus you have chosen and a named parasitic fungus?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">A mouse weighing 100-150g consumes an amount of food equal to or greater than its body mass each day.  An African weighing 6 tonnes (6 x 10<sup>3<\/sup> kg) consumes between 300 \u2013 450 kg of food each day.  How do you account for the difference in the amount of food consumed per body mass between the two animals?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What external and internal characteristic would help you to recognize a stem?  What adaptations or stems do you associate with vegetative reproduction?  Under what environmental conditions is a vegetative reproduction advantageous over sexual reproduction?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Transpiration has been described as a &#8216;necessary evil&#8217; comment on this statement and give examples of how plants minimize water.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Compare the methods of action of the endocrine system and spinal nerves.  In what why does the automatic nervous system have a similar function to the endocrine system?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"> With reference to the animals you have studied explain the terms:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Hydrostatic skeleton.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Exoskeleton.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Endoskeleton.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">                       -18-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">It is known that certain plant species can have flower colours, for the example red and yellow.  Briefly outline the type of experiments and precautions you would take to find out whether the variation was due to genetic or environmental factors.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">With the aid of diagrams describe the following types of cells and briefly show how they are modified for their functions.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 117pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Xylem vessels<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Palisode parenchyma<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Guard cells<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">How is turgidity important in supporting a young herbaceous plant?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe for a chosen habitat, the ways in which organisms are dependent upon one another for food.  In most habitats that have been studied only a small proportion of the sun&#8217;s energy is trapped in photosynthesis.  What becomes of this trapped energy?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">All dicotyledonous plants have a similar basic structure, and yet there is a great variety of forms (herbs, shrubs, trees, etc).  Indicate briefly how growth substances may be involved in bringing about these difference in form.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">For one named example of a herbaceous dicotyledon, describe the growth pattern of buds, stem and leaves throughout one complete. Growth cycle.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe briefly the changes that occur in a named plant from immediately after fertilization until the seedling is living free of reserve food supplies.  In what ways does the environment affect the development of the plant during this period?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What is a gene?  Describe the chemical nature and function of genes (wherever possible you should refer to any experiments you know which led to the discovery and knowledge of genes).<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">How do you know that genes are situated on chromosomes?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Make a large, labeled drawings of paramecium to show its detailed structure.  Indicate the anterior end.  As paramecium moves through water its body traces out a spiral bath and at the same time rotates about its own axis.  Explain how this type of motion is produced.  What is the usual response of paramecium to an unfavourable stimulus?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">From the nutritional view point a chemical analysis of fish meat revealed the following average composition per 100g:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Water \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a078g<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Protein\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a016g<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Fat \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0  3g<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Glycogen \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0  2g<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Vitamin A  and D and several vitamins of the B complex.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A good supply of magnesium and phosphorous small quantities of iron, iodine and<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0calcium.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 90pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Explain why fish meat alone would not be a suitable diet for man.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the digestion and absorption of fat in a mammal.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 216pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">-19-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) The following chemical changes usually accompany a continuing series of contractions of skeleton muscle in vertebrate animals:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Increased uptake of oxygen.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Increased giving off of carbon dioxide<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Formation of llactic acid.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Fall in amount of carbohydrate.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Chemical changes in phosphoric acid compounds.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give a brief explanation to account for each change.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(b) What part do skeletal muscles play in fish locomotion?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) (i) What are the main kinds of information that mammals obtain through their receptor cells?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">    (ii) State, as accurately as possible, the position of the different kinds of receptor cells in a mammal.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) With reference to your field studies show, by examples, that you understand the following terms:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Habitat<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Community<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Ecological niche.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Areas of fare soil are often left by landslides.  Describe what you consider to be the likely succession of plants in the early colonization of such bare surfaces.  For the plants you mention comment on those features that are particularly important in early colonizers.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">&#8216;One gene, one enzyme&#8217; is an expression, which summarises that way in which we think hereditary factors control the metabolism of an organism.  Explain this more fully indicating how DNA, RNA, and an enzyme are related to one another.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What is the relationship between the DNA molecule, the gene, and the Mendelian factor?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the structure of a named filamentous alga&#8217; most algae are aquatic.  By comparing the structure of the algae you have described with that of an angiosperm, briefly explain why you think big evolutionally changes were necessary before plants become adapted to dry conditions.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the structure of the mammalian ear.  How does the ear function to make the animal aware of its environment?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Men who have traveled in space have frequently been affected by nausea and other unpleasant symptoms.  From what you know of the function of ear, suggest a possible explanation.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Select one animal from a habitat with which you are familiar and describe those features, which may adapt it to that habitat.  Why does the animal occur in other, different habitats?  What is the relationship of the animal to other organisms in the habitat?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give an account of the structure and growth of shoot primary meristem (shoot apex) of a <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">named <\/span>angiosperm.  What environmental or other factors may cause change<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 216pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">-20-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">over from the formation of leaves to the formation of flowers at the shoot-apex).  Illustrate your answer with examples wherever possible.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Draw a labeled diagram of a mammalian kidney tubule.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Compare the composition of the blood entering the glomerulus with:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">The blood leaving the glomerulus<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">The filtrate as it enters proximal convoluted tubule.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">The urine.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"> (a) Discuss the responses of stomata to environ metal factors.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"> (b) Discuss the mechanism of stomatal opening and closure.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">When carbon dioxide combines with water, carbonic acid is produced.  Discuss why carbon dioxide carried in blood does not make it acidic.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in the lungs.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">How are breathing movements controlled?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is meant by;-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Amoebid movements?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Ciliary movements?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) With help of a diagram describe the process of movement in Amoeba.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) What is the importance of Amoeboid, ciliary and flagella type of movement in man?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Describe the chromosomal changes from interphase to the telophase in<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">mitosis.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Name two processes which ensure that each of the two daughter cells from mitosis remain diploidias the mother cell.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 90pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give any four differences between mitosis and meiosis.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) How does water rise from the soil to the leaves of a tall tree<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) What external factors may affect the rate at which water rises up the tree?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) Why is transpiration important to plant?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is photosynthesis?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Describe the adaptations of leaf of a C<sub>3<\/sub> plant for efficient photosynthesis<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 90pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">In what way do C<sub>3<\/sub> plants differ in their leaf structure from plants?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe how plants survive periods of water stress.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Write an essay on Transport of respiratory gases in plants including environment<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">effects.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Describe the structure of<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(i) Mammalian skeletal muscle<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(ii) Heart muscle<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-21-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Describe the mechanism of muscle contraction and control.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What do you understand by the term &#8220;Aerobic respiration&#8221;? and out line the<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">principle stages of this phenomenon.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 91pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Discuss the role of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cells.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What is phototropism?  Give a detailed explanation of this phenomenon in plants<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">with reference to the various types of phototropism.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Explain what is meant by each of the following the concept of evolution.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Natural selection<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Homologous organs<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Convergent evolution<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Spontaneous generation<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Reproduction isolation<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Pentadactyl limb<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"> What is Homeostasis?  For each of the following explain its Homeostatic<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">  importance.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Pancrease<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Skin<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Heart and blood vessels<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Kidney<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What are the causes of seed dormancy when conditions necessary for germination are present?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) What are the advantages of dormancy?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 91pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">How many dormancy of artificially broken?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(i) What is an ecosystem?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">           (ii) In a named ecosystem describe he flow of energy and recycling of carbon and<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0nitrogen.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">          (iii) Briefly show how deforestation leads to changes in nutrient levels of the soil.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give the factors that control the size of population.  Comment on these factors in relation to human population.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Discuss energy flow through an ecosystem.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Outline the steps in the role of pyruvic acid and acetylco a during glucose metabolism.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Describe the mechanism and significance of seed dormancy.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) What is the significance of seed size in plants?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is the general role of the Automatic nervous system in the body?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Give a brief account on the functioning of the Autonomic nervous system.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 91pt\">\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What are the similarities between the Autonomic nervous system  and ecodorine system?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 124pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">-22-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Comment on the statement, &#8220;multi cellularity is biological efficiency&#8221;.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give the modifications the following tissue have for their functions.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Collenchyma\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(b) Phloem fibres<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) Xylem fibres\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(d) Solerenchyma.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Give an account of how a mother in a kitchen perceives a call for help from her<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">dying child.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) How does hearing ability in man differ from the in bats?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) With help of a diagram describe the functional unit of the mammalian kidney?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Write a brief essay entitled &#8220;The inteplay between aldosterine and Antidurietic hormone in water conservation&#8221;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(i) With a diagram of a well labeled myelinated nerve cell, describe impulse transm<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">transmission in nerves.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(ii) List three similarities between neuromuscular junction and interneuronal<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0  synpase.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(iii) List three chemical transmitters of nervous information.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(i) What particular biological difficulties arise with increasing size and complexity of organisms?  How have these been over come?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(ii) &#8220;The fundamental advantage of multicellularity is biological efficiency&#8221; discuss.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) With reference to a named animal examples, distinguish between external and<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">internal fertilization.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Briefly outline the role of nutrition examples, nutrition, nitrogenous excretion and gaseous exchange in subsequent stages of development of a frog, a bird and mammal.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the phases of the menstrual cycle, indicating how it is initiated and maintained in humans by endocrine secretions.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give 6 differences between cartilage and bone.  Indicate the possible cause of bone malformations in human beings.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Write an essay entitled &#8220;The importance of National parks in Uganda&#8221; briefly indicating the possible problems encountered in the management of National parks.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What are the environmental factors that affect transpiration?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of Transpiration?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 91pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What is transpiration after all?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">   (a) What are the female reproductive organs in a flowering plant?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">   (b) Describe the changes that occur from the time of pollen is deposited on the stigma up to just after fertilization.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-23-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) With a labeled structure of spermatozoa indicate the functions of each part.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Describe the process of spermatogenesis in man.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Draw the structure of the female reproductive system in man.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Briefly describe he major changes in the development of a fertilized egg until just after birth in man.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Describe the structure of<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Xylem elements<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Phloem elements.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Explain how the phloem is adopted to the function of translocation.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Compaire the structure of the sieve tube and companion cells<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Compare the structure of the phloem and xylem (functional and sructual)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Make a large detailed well-labeled diagram of an Animal cell and give the functions of nucleus and the organelles.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) in a tabular form, compare and constrast a mitochondria and a chloroplast.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) With an example in each case distinguish between a sex limited and sex-linked characters.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) In cattle the genes for white and black colour pattern WB and the gene for the long horns (H) are dorminant and located on the X-chromosome.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">State the sex and phenotype in case a bull with white and black colour pattern and long horns is mated with brown female with short horns.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Describe the mechanism of stamatal opening and closure.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) out line the formation of starch from carbondioxide by green plants. (Biochemical details not required)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) What factors adopt a leaf for the process of photosynthesis?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the changes undergone by a protainaceous diet from the time it is ingested to when it becomes a product ready to be assimilated.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Describe the following types of skeleton.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(i) Endoskeleton<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(ii) Exoskeleton<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0           (iii) Hydrostatic skeleton.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(b) Explain how each of the skeletons in a named example achieves its functions of<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0locomotion.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Outline the main mechanisms of fruit and seed dispersal, with an example where ever possible.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) What is the importance of this process?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Name one important Auxin and describe how it brings about irritability in plants to the various environmental stimuli.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Discuss in details the factors, which affect enzyme activity.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Describe oxygen and carbondioxide transportion tion in the body.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 216pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">-24-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Outline the steps which lead to formation of a blood clot in order of accurance.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Explain what is meant by a feed by mechanism and give various types of feed back mechanisms.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Describe 3 physiological feed back mechanisms in mammals.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">and 2 non-physiological feed back mechanisms.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Discuss the following phenomenon with an example in each case:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Parasitism<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Saprophytis<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Holozoic nutrition<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Holophytic nutrition.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Discuss the effects of light in the life of plants.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What are properties of water?  How are they an adaptation?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What are the properties of water?  How are they an adaptation for the various function of water?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Briefly explain the following processes.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 90pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Phagocytosis<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Pinocytosis<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Miropinocytosis<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 54pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Describe what happens to a Red blood cell<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 90pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">When placed in a hypotonic solution<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">When placed in a hypartonic solution<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">  (a) State mendels first and seconds laws.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">  (b) maize seeds were sown and 180 white seedlings and 560 green seedlings were seen after germination.  How do you explain this?  What progeny would you expect in the next generation.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Compare and contrast Deoxrybonucleric acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(RNA)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Briefly discuss protein synthesis indicating the important steps involved.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Write an essay on the interdependence between plants and animals (Hint: Nitrogen and carbon cycle should be included among other points in your essay).<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Explain with examples, the terms<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Habitat<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Ecological niche<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Environment<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Climax community.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Discuss the factors that permit prolific growth of plants in a jungle.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-25-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What is a parasite?  Explain how a named parasite is adapted for a parasitic existence?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What do you understand by the following<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Convergent evolution?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Divergent evolution?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) The first mammals which were isolated in North America  and East Africa belonged to the same genus, however today the mammals found in North America and East Africa belong to different genera.  Using your knowledge of evolution, explain this observation.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">If a maize plant heterozygous for the alleles short plant and wrinkled leaf (both recessive to normal size normal leaf) is back crossed with the homozygous recessive parent, 160 of the seeds where subsequently collected and germinated;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(i) How many would you expect to how wrinkled leaves?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(ii) How many would you expect to show normal size and normal leaves?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">If the heterozygous maize was selfed what proportion of the off spring show.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(i) Normal size<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(ii) Normal leaves and short plant.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">In the fruit fly, rod eye (R) is sex linked and dominant to white eye (W) specify the distribution of eye colours among the following cross.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Heterozygons red eyed female crossed with red eyed male.  Show your working.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">The graph below shows the number of receptors cells (cones and rods) in the human retina along a holizontal line from the Nasal side of the outside distances are expressed in arbitrary units.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nasal side<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 117pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What is the name of the retina at positions 5 and 6<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What information can you deduce from the graph about the number of rods and cones at<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Explain your answer to part b<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Outline two similarities and three differences between<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 126pt\">\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Rods and cones<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 54pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">-26-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Simple eye compound eye.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Mammalian blood is mainly a tissue of transport and difference being made up of various cells and plasma.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Outline five materials transported in the blood ad for each indicate the form in which it is transported.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Name two different tissues in adult mammals where blood cells are made.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Name two proteins found in mammalian blood and give their functions.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">From your theory of oxygen dissociation curve, draw and briefly explain such a curve.  What would you expect a curve of an animal like lung fish which borrows into oxygen deficient mud to be?  Explain your answer.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">One of the methods by which terristial animals endeavour to overcome he problem of excessive water loss is by passing out Nitrogenous wastes with subsequent reabsorption of water.  With the help of diagrams (functional units) described how this is accomplished in<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">man<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">insects<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) (i) Draw the structure of well labeled myelinted nerve cell and indicate the direction of impulse flow.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">   (ii) Outline 3 possible functions of the myelin sheath.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) State two theories that have been suggested to explain nervous transmission.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) Describe one of these theories with help of diagrams.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is a reflex arc?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) The reflex arc is said to contain nerve synapses among other things.  Describe how a nerve impulse is transmitted across these synapses.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) Briefly indicate 2 structural differences and similarities between the sympathetic and parasympathetic system<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(d) Give 4 comparisons and contrasts between the activities of parasympathetic<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">      and sympathetic systems.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has now been isolated as the material of inheritance<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">inheritance, and the basis of protein synthesis.  Using this information:-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(i) Explain the structure of DNA<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(ii) Give 4 differences and similarities between DNA and RNA.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">The processes leading to the synthesis of proteins are believed to occur in following sequence<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 108pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">DNA Replication<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Transcription<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Translation<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Define and describe each of these processes.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Draw the structures of well labeled:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"> (i) Human spermatozoan<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 90pt\">\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Human egg cell<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 90pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">-27-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(b) Briefly describe the process of fertilization in mammals<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(c) Compare and contrast internal and external forms of fertilization in named<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0      mammals.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is meant by<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(i) a vitamin?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(ii) amino acid?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Make three clear physiological and nutritional differences between them.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(b) Fill the table below<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"margin-left: 59pt\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width:112px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:132px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:162px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:122px\"\/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody valign=\"top\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><strong>Vitamin and or mineral <\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><strong>Function in man <\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><strong>Deficiency <\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><strong>Main sources<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">1. Phosphorus<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">2.Potassium <\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">3. Calcium<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">4. Cobalt<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">5. Copper<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">6. Iron <\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">7. Magnesium<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">8. Selenium<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">9. Vit. A<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">10. Vit. C<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">11. Vit. D<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">12. Vit B<sub>1<\/sub><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">13. Vit B<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">14.Niactin<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">15. Vit K<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">16. Vit E<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 108pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Discuss the role of the pituitary gland in the control of mammalian reproduction.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Compare and contrast the functioning of the gills and lungs<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Explain the terms photosynthesis and respiration.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) compare and contrast these two processes in a tubular form<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) Name the important organelle for each process<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(d) Draw labeled structure of these important organelles.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(e) Give four differences and five similarities between these organelles (these could be functional, structural or both)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Discuss the interplay between Insulin and Glucogen in the control of blood glucose<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">level.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Explain the nature of an oxygen dissociation curve and<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) show the effects of the partial pressure of CO<sub>2<\/sub> and pH on the curve.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Illustrate and label the principal parts of a spermatozoan indicating the<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 144pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">-28-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">indicating the functions of each part.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Discuss the hormonal interplay from the time of fertilization in a mammal up to<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">time of parturition.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">The black butter flies are parasites of the Anual bean plants and certain perennial<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">plants.  The table shows the relationship between environmental temperature (resistance) and the number of black butter flies in flight.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div style=\"margin-left: 173pt\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width:140px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:212px\"\/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody valign=\"top\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong>Temperature <\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><strong>Average percentage of flies in flight <\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">12<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">14<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">16<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">5<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">18<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">10<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">20<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">45<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">22<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">82<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">24<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">94<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">26<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">98<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">28<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">100<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 90pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">plot these results on a graph.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Comment on the shape of the graph and suggest physiological explanation for the changes in the number of black butterflies in flight.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What are the roles played by the Annual and prenial hosts on the cycle of the fly.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Suggest three biological advantages that flight provides to the flies.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Peach tree have fuzzy fruits.  Nectarine trees have smooth fruits (No fizz).  Most<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">commercial varieties of peaches and nectarines have yellow fresh fruits but some have white flesh.  Suppose that you have some peach and some nectarine trees and make the following crosses and get the following progenies.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n<h1>Cross \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Parent \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Pregnancy<br \/>\n<\/h1>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">1. White peach 1 x Yellow Nectarine \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a012 yellow peach tree<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0and 10 white trees.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">2. Yellow nectarine 1 X yellow nectarine \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a015 yellow nectarine<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0trees.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">3. White peach 1 X yellow<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Represent the allele for fuzz fruits by A.  The allele for smooth fruits B and the Allelle for yellow flesh by C and the allele for flesh by D<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What proportion of phenotypes would you expect in the progeny if you selfed nectarine?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What are the genotypes of white peah 1, of yellow nectarine 1? And of yellow nectarine 2<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What proportion of phenotype would you expect in the progeny if you selfed one of the yellow peach in the progency from cross.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 144pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">-29-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What can you conclude from these experiments about the genetic difference between peaches and nectarines?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Two experiments were conducted to measure the metabolism of a rat (3.5g live<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Weight).  One experiment was conducted at 250C and the other at 380C.  one litre of oxygen consumed by the rat corresponds to 4.8 kilo calories of energy produced by the animal.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">The data obtained is in the table below.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Volume of Oxygen consumed at ;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width:94px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:91px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:91px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:91px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:93px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:60px\"\/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody valign=\"top\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">25.<sup>0<\/sup>C<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0.2<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0.4<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0.6<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0.85<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">1.1<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">38.<sup>0<\/sup>C<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0.4<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">1.2<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">1.8<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">2.6<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">3.3<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Time taken in minutes<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">3<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">6<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">9<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">12<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">15<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 153pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Using time on the x-axis and volume of oxygen consumed on the Y-axis, indicate the above information on the same graph.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Calculate the rates of oxygen consumption at 25<sup>0<\/sup> C and 38<sup>0<\/sup>C.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Calculate the energy equivalent in k cals\/kg\/Hr for oxygen consumed at 25<sup>0<\/sup>C and 37<sup>0<\/sup>C.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Draw and label a detailed diagram of the cell organelle within which oxygen utilization takes place in Animal tissues.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Name one other important metabolic process taking place in animal cells.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 135pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">An experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction between two species<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">of bacteria.  A and B.  under the same environment calculated every two days in and the data obtained is below:-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width:179px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:179px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:169px\"\/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody valign=\"top\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><strong>Population density of A in millions<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><strong>Population density of B in millions <\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><strong>Time in days.<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">10<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">10<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">2<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">30<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">35<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">4<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">15<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">30<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">6<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">20<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">35<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">8<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">10<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">50<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">10<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">5<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">55<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">12<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">15<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">60<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">14<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">5<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">65<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">65<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">18<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 117pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Construct a graph of population density against Time in days.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 216pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">-30-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 117pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(scales: on y-axis 2cm: 25 millions and draw the two population curves on same graph)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 117pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 117pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the population changes of the two species of bacteria during the period of the investigation.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Outline the factors underlying the changes in the populations of the two species.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">In another experiment, bacteria species A was replaced by another species C.  It was found that species C occupies the bottom of the culture medium while species B occupied the upper part.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 144pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What possible conclusions would you make from the two experiments outlined above with respect to the interaction between the three species of Bacteria.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">State a way in which results from this experiments would be of value to researchers in a laboratory.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">An area of land a size of a football play ground located near your school is dug up<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">and cleared of all vegetation.  Then observed for a period of 30 years, records being made on monthly basis.  Assuming that no large herbivores and unusual drought affected the Area in the period.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Answer the following questions.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 90pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">From your knowledge of local flora and fauna describe the successional appearance of plants and animals from the first month to the last month.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">With examples, discuss the trophic relationships you would expect to find on this area by the end of the investigation period.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Discuss a sampling method in each case for plants and for animals you would use to determine the population density of any one type of plant and surface dwelling inverterbrate on the observation area.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give the differences that you would observe between a typical crop-field and the observation area at the end of the observation period.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What do you understand by the term wild life?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) clearly distinguish between cropping and poaching of animals.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) what role do small mammals rodents play in a National park.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(d) give the possible effects, large mammals have on equatic biota.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 90pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe one method you would use to count large mammals in a National park.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">The figures below show theoretical age structures in Africa and Europe in a certain<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">investigation year.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-31-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Compare and contrast the size of the human population groups of the two<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">continents in<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(i) Pre productive group<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(ii) Reproductive group<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Suggest one other continent likely to have a more or less similar age structure as that for Africa.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) Construct one diagram to show the proportions in human populations in your family and suggest possible advantages and or disadvantages of such a distribution.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">A mammalian red blood cell is sensitive to changes in salt concentrations of the<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">external solution. When it is placed in a hypertonic solution, it is plamolysed and when it is placed in a hypotonic solution it swells and eventually bursts.  This is called haemolysis.  An experiment was conducted to find the percentage of Red blood cells haemolysed at different concentrations of salt solution and the following results were obtained.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div style=\"margin-left: 23pt\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width:131px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:66px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:66px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:65px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:66px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:66px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:66px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:66px\"\/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody valign=\"top\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Percentage salt concentration (g\/100cm<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0.48<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0.45<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0.40<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0.38<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0.35<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0.32<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Percentage red blood cell haemolysed <\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">15<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">30<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">65<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">80<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">90<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">100<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 90pt\">\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What do the following terms mean?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">hypertonic solution?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Hypotonic solution?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Plot a graph of the percentage red cells haemolysed against the percentage salt concentration.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Describe the processes of  (i) Haemolysis and<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 126pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(ii) Plasmolysis<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 126pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 126pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 126pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">-32-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">At what percentage salt solution is the proportion of the non haemolysed red blood cells equal to that of the haemolysed red blood cells\/<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What is the significance of these observations as far body physiology is concerned?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Enzymes are organic catalysts found in living tissues.  Every enzyme has an<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">optimum temperature range within which acts best.  An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of an enzyme- controlled reaction (enzyme and substrate concentration were constants) and the results were as follows:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div style=\"margin-left: 47pt\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width:132px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:55px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:54px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:54px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:54px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:76px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:71px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:65px\"\/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody valign=\"top\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Temperature <sup>0<\/sup>C<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">10<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">20<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">30<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">40<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">50<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">60<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Rate of reaction in mg of products per unit time.<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0.23<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0.5<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">1.4<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">2.8<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">4.2<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">2.4<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">0<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 117pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Plot the results on graph paper (Rate against temperature)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">With your theory of enzymes properties give a detailed explanation and interpretation of the graph.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Suggest a possible optimum temperature range for the enzyme under investigation.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Outline other properties of enzymes which could limit their functions.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">The starfish inhabiting the deep waters of the tropics feeds on coral polyps.  And<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Certain coral areas, these starfish gather to form large aggregate of individuals, when the food in one area is used up the starfish move to another coral area.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 81pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Give two possible reasons for the congregation of starfish.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What are the possible merits and demerits of the starfish behaviour.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Starfish have caused severe damage to coral reefs of economic importance.  Suggest methods by which man can control the destructive activities of the starfish.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 63pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL1.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL2.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><br \/>\n\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0-33-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The graph above shows population explosion in Kiahab deer following removal of<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0predators in an isolated area in America.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 171pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Suggest an explanation with reasons for the rapid increase in the dear population from 1905 and 1924.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What explanation can you give the sudden down ward curve of the population between 1924 and 1930?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What would you expect to have happened to the deer population and the predators after 1935?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL3.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">         Number of<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">         mice<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL4.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><br \/>\n\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">                             A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Time in months<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The graph above shows the trend of population growth of laboratory Mice which<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0bred over a period of time.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(a) Explain the shape of the curve between (i) A \u2013 B   (ii) B \u2013 C    (iii) C \u2013 D    (iv) D \u2013 E<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(b) Outline five factors likely to contribute to the shape of the curve at D \u2013 E<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(c) If the graph represented human population in a Country, suggest any four factors which<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0    would contribute to shape at C \u2013 D<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(d) Explain the concept of Animal population Natural control, in national parks.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Oxygen is carried by the red blood cell in form of oxyhaemolobin, when the<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Oxygaemoglobin in each blood sample is plotted against the percentage of oxygen in the Air around, a graph called oxhaemoglobin dissociation curve is obtained and such a graph is represented below.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"width:92px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:92px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:92px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:92px\"\/>\n<col style=\"width:92px\"\/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody valign=\"top\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 0.5pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0        0                      5                   10                    15                    20       % of O<sub>2<\/sub>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p><\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration:underline\"><strong>GUIDING QUESTIONS TO COORDINATION RESPONSE AND CONTROL APPOACHED IN THREE CATEGORIES.<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Reception and stimuli<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Nervous and endocrine systems<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Response and behaviour<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<h3>RECEPTION ND STIMULI<br \/>\n<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Define the following terms<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Stimuli<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Receptor<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Response<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Effecter.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">1. Explain the meaning of the following receptors with examples.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 135pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Primary receptor cells<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Secondary receptor cells<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Sense organs.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">    According to position in body:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0i) Exteroreceptors.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">           ii) Enteroreceptors<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">          iii) Chemonreceptors<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">           iv) Electroreceptor<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">   According to distance at which they are able to defect stimuli<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 90pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Distance receptors<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Contract receptors<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">3. (a) Explain how a receptor cell works<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">    (b) State the characteristics common to all<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0i.e \u2013 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Adaptation<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 69pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Transudation<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Sensity<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Precision<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Inhibition<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 51pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">4. (a) Draw and label a L.S of a human eye<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">    (b) State the function of each part labeled<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">    (c) Explain how the human eye controls the amount of light entering it i.e compare<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">          bright and dim light<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">    (d) Describe accommodation of the human eye i.e compare distant and near objects.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">5. (a) Compare cones and rods.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">    (b) Explain light reception in cones and rods.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">    (c) How is the human eye able to distinguish objects close to each other?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Explain colour vision<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Compare a compound eye and a Mahan eye<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">6. (a) Draw and label a human ear.  State the function of each part<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">    (b) Describe how human ear performs the following<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Hearing<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Balance<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Body orientation.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<h4>RECEPTION AND RESPONSE IN PLANTS<br \/>\n<\/h4>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">7. (a) Explain the following responses with diagrams where necessary<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Phototropism<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Geotropism<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Hydrotropism<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Chemotropism<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Thigmotropism<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Aerotropism<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">     (b) With examples explain the following tactic responses<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">phototaxis<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">thermotaxis<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">chemotaxis<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">8. (a) State an example, site of productions and major effects of each of the  following<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">          grown substances<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Auxins<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Gibberellins<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Cytokinins<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Abscissic acid<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Ethene<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">    (b) Draw a graph to show a relationship between growth and auxin concentration in roots and shoots and interpret the graph<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">9. (a) (i) What are nastic responses?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">        (ii) Explain the following;-<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 69pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Photonasty<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Thermonasty<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Thimonasty<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Nycinasty<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">   (b) Compare tropisms and nastic reponses<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">10. (a) Explain how the mechanism of the following is controlled<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">What is photopeidism?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Explain the following<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 69pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">short day plants<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">long day plants<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">day neutral plants.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS<br \/>\n<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">                       Nervous System<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL5.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL6.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL7.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL8.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><br \/>\n\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Periheval nerous system                                    cns\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL9.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL10.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><br \/>\n\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL11.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL12.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL13.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Periheval nervous system<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL14.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><br \/>\n\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">                      ANS         Canial nerves         Brain                Spinal cord<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL15.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><br \/>\n\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Spiral nervous<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL16.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL17.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL18.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><br \/>\n\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Sympathetic                     Parasympathetic<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Nervous system                Nervous system<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL19.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">                                            Stimus<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL20.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL21.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL22.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">                                       Sensory<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0     System<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL23.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL24.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><br \/>\n\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL25.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL26.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL27.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><br \/>\n\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0  Central Nervous<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0  System<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL28.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL29.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><br \/>\n\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL30.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL31.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL32.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><br \/>\n\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0     Effctor (motor) system<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL33.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL34.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><br \/>\n\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0   Somatic system     Autonomic system<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0  (voluntary)             (involuntary)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL35.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL36.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL37.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><br \/>\n\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL38.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL39.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL40.png\" alt=\"\"\/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL41.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0  Striated muscle             Smooth muscle<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0    and glands<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL42.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">                                       Effector motor system<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/assets\/images\/kev3\/042122_1308_1000ALEVEL43.png\" alt=\"\"\/><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><br \/>\n\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">11. (a) Define the following:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Neuron<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Motor neuron.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 90pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Sensory neuron<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(i) Draw a structure of a neuron and label all the parts.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(ii) State the function of each part.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">12. (a) Define the function of each part<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 69pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Resting potential<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Action potential<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Refractory period<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">     (b) (i) Describe the formation and transmission of a nerve impulse<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">          (ii) State and explain the factors affecting transmission speed along a neuron.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">         (iii) What is all or nothing law?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">13. (a) Distinguish between<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">absolute refractory period<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">relative refractory period<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">       (b) (i) Draw a graph to show changes in the excitability of an axon following threshold stimulus.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">           (ii) State the importance of the refractory period<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">14. (a) (i) Draw a structure of a nerve synapse and label all the parts.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">          (ii) State the function of parts labeled<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">       (b) (i) Describe how a synapse function<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">            (ii) State neurotransmittersubsistence<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">       (c) Explain the function of synapses<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">15. (a) Draw a vertical structure of the human brain, and state the function of each part e.g<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Cerebrum<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Corpus callosum<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Thalamus<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Hypothalum<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Corpora quadrigemina<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Medulla obiongate<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Cerebellum<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Pons.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">16. State the similarities &amp; differences the sympathetic and parasympathetic.  Nervous system.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline\"><strong>ENDOCRINE SYSTEM<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">17. (a) Define the following;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Hormone<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Endocrine gland<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Exocrine gland<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">      (b) State the differences between<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 60pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Exocrine gland and endocrine glands<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Hormone and enzyme<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">     (c) State the properties of hormones<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">     (d) Describe the nature and action of hormones<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">17. (a) Draw a human body and locate the following endocrine glands<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 66pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Hypothalamus \u2013 pituitary<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Thyroid<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Parathyroid<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Adrenal<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Pancreas<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Ovaries<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Testis<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Pineal<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Thymus<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">    (b) (i) State the hormones produced by above glands and the functions of each hormone.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">         (ii) State deficiencies of each hormone<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">    (c) (i) State the similarities and differences between endrocrine and nervous system.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>C: RESPONSE AND BEHAVIOUR<br \/>\n<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 69pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">The study of behaviour is called ethology<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Behaviour is divided into two categories ie.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 90pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Instinct (innate) behaviour<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Learned behvaviour<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 90pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">1. (a) (i) What is instinctive<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 117pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(ii) State characteristics of instincts<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 117pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 99pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Define the following behaviour and state the importance of each behaviour to the organisms<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 144pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Reflex actions<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Kinesis<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Taxis<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Territorial<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Reproductive<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">2. (a)  (i) What is learning?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">          (ii) State characteristics of learning.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">         (iii) State the differences between instinctive and learned behaviour.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">   (b) Explain the following types of learning, state the characteristics of each giving the importance of each of the of the organism&#8217;s survival<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Habituation<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Associative learning<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Conditional reflex<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Trial and error<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Imprinting<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Exploratory learning<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Insight learning.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">REVISION QUESTIONS AND LOCOMOTION<br \/>\n<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) What is locomotion<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Describe the following types of locomotion:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Amoeboid locomotion<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Ciliary<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Flagellaly locomotion<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) State the importance of each type in (b) above.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Explain the following with examples.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Hydrostatic skeleton<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Exoskeleton<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Endoskeleton<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Describe locomotion in an earthworm<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Describe flight in insects<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Describe flight in birds.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(c) State the adaptations of flight in birds.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) (i) Describe locomotion in fish.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">     (ii) Explain how the following are controlled in fish.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 69pt\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Yawing<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Pitching<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">Rolling<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n<li>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(a) Describe walking in tetrapods<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">(b) Describe the mechanism of muscle contraction.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 108pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\"><br \/>\n\t\t<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A LEVEL BIOLOGY REVISION QUESTIONS (1000 QNS) \u00a0 (a) Discuss the role of genes in protein synthesis. (b) What are<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":288,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biology","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>1000 \u2018A\u2019 LEVEL BIOLOGY REVISION QUESTIONS - MAKTABA EDUCATION CENTER<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/edu.co.tz\/notes\/1000-a-level-biology-revision-questions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"1000 \u2018A\u2019 LEVEL BIOLOGY REVISION QUESTIONS - MAKTABA EDUCATION CENTER\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A LEVEL BIOLOGY REVISION QUESTIONS (1000 QNS) \u00a0 (a) Discuss the role of genes in protein synthesis. 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