{"id":94,"date":"2023-04-01T12:06:22","date_gmt":"2023-04-01T12:06:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/solvefor2\/?p=94"},"modified":"2023-04-01T12:30:30","modified_gmt":"2023-04-01T12:30:30","slug":"literature-in-english-full-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edu.co.tz\/notes\/literature-in-english-full-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"LITERATURE IN ENGLISH FULL NOTES"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>LITERATURE<br \/>\n<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Etymologically, the term Literature comes from a Latin word &#8220;<span style=\"text-decoration:underline\"><em>Litteraturae<\/em><\/span>&#8221; which means writings. In general form Literature is applied to all fields including Philosophical writings, historical writings as well as other writings. But in Literature, it is used to designate fictional and imaginative writings such as Poetry, Fiction and Drama.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"> Therefore, Literature is a work of art expressed in words using a Language creatively to express human realities.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">OR<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It is the term which implies creative Language and imitated social realities which can be transmitted in the form of writing or speech and reflects human experiences. It is distinct from other works of art such as painting, sculpture, drawing and so on. However, both works of art express the culture of a specific society from which they owe their essence.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">IMPORTANCE OF LANGUAGE IN LITERATURE<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Language is very important in literature as the words are used creatively as raw materials in structuring literary works<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"> Language is necessarily used as a medium of communication for the intended goals or messages<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"> Language distinguishes literature from other works of art as well as ordinary works<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">TYPES OF LITERATURE<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Originally, there are two types of Literature, namely;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Oral Literature<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Written Literature<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">ORAL LITERATURE CLASSIFICATION<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">This is a Literature presented through oral expressions. It was mostly used before the invention of writings.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">TYPES OF ORAL LITERATURE<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">The Folk Tale<\/span>: This is a short narrative<span style=\"text-decoration:underline\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>handed down through oral tradition, passed down from one generation to the next (human as characters).<span style=\"text-decoration:underline\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">The Legend<\/span>: It is a story handed down from the past, especially one that may not be true but it has historical derivational\/historical background.<span style=\"text-decoration:underline\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">Myths<\/span>: These are stories that originated in ancient times especially one dealing with ideas or beliefs about the origin of race, things or events.<span style=\"text-decoration:underline\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">Fable<\/span>: Are short stories (tales) often with animals as characters which convey a moral message.<span style=\"text-decoration:underline\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">Anecdote<\/span>: Most refers to the narrated incident in the life of an important person and should lay claim to an element of truth.<span style=\"text-decoration:underline\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">Epics<\/span>: These are long narrative poems in an elevated style\/presenting characters of high position in adventures through their relation to a central heroic figure and their development of episodes.<span style=\"text-decoration:underline\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">Ballads<\/span>: Is a form of verse to be sung or recited and characterized by its presentation of dramatic in simple narrative form.<span style=\"text-decoration:underline\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">Riddles<\/span>: Are puzzling questions, statements or description especially ones intended to test the cleverness of those wishing to solve them.<span style=\"text-decoration:underline\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">E.g.: It walks in four legs in the morning, two legs in the noon and three legs in the evening-Human being.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">Proverbs<\/span>: Short well-known sayings that state a general truth or give advice.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Or<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Are compact fixed statements which imply question and answer.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Idioms: A phrase\/statement whose meaning is not clear from the meaning of its individual words and which must be learnt as a unit.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>WRITTEN LITERATURE CLASSIFICATION: PROMINENT GENRES OF LITERATURE<br \/>\n<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>A: PROSE\/ NOVEL<br \/>\n<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">A novel is an extended fiction prose, narrative of a considerable length in which characters and actions as representatives of real life, are portrayed in a plot of more less complexity.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">FEATURES OF A NOVEL<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It is featured by fictive narrations<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It uses characters who are doers of actions or who the story evolves around them<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It is written in a considerable length than other genre of literature<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It is written in a narrative form<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">SHORT STORIES<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It is a prose narrative which is briefer than a short novel, covering a length of twenty or thirty pages, restricted in number of characters and normally deals with one major event\/topic.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">B: POETRY<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Is a composition that evokes emotions and imagination by the use of vivid, intense Language usually arranged in a pattern of words or lines with a regular repeated accent or stress.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Is a composition that is characterized by special use of Language and rhythm, rhymes, imagery, metaphor, symbol, onomatopoeia, meter and various repetitions.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Is the writing that formulates a concentrated imaginative awareness of experiences, chosen and arranged in a particular pattern to create specific emotional response through its meaning, sound and rhythm.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It is a literary genre that uses Language in a special way by employing a lot of figurative expressions.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It is a literary genre that in line and metrical form which is sharper in figurative Language use and very economical in the amount of words used compared to other genres.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It is a way of expressing feelings, emotions, ideas and other things that we experience, using Language characterized by imagery and rhythmical sounds.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">CHARCTERISTICS\/FEATURES OF POETRY<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 54pt\">\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Poetry is imaginative<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It is rhythmical or metrical in form<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It is reflective\/reflects experiences<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It is rich in figures of speech or figurative Language<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It arouses emotions<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It implies the use of lines\/verses in stanza<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It uses repetitive sounds, especially similar sounds like anadiplosis and parallelism<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Implies poetic license i.e. allows grammatical errors<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It uses concentrated\/condensed Language or it is very economical in  the amount of words<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">HOW POETRY DIFFERS FROM OTHER GENRES<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Poetry uses condensed\/concentrated Language than the two other genres of Literature<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Poetry is written in verses\/lines that form stanzas while other genres, for instance novel, words are in paragraphs<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Poetry employs poetic license largely than the other genres<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Poetry is more rhythmical as almost verses or words are pronounced in stressed and unstressed syllables in a regular interval of beats with regular pauses<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Poetry is rich in figures Language than novel and play<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Poetry uses Language that arouses emotion than other genres as it implies the use of more elevated Language. Because it uses\/involves the five senses of a man (hearing, smelling, sighting, tasting as well as feeling)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Poetry uses repetitive sounds especially of musical quality like rhyme, refrain etc.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Poetry is more reflective literary work than other literary genres<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Poetry as poems in composition can be sung or recited, never to other genres<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Poetry uses the persona as the one who presents\/speaks in the poem(s) but the prose works use characters with their names<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">TERMS USED IN POETRY\/POETIC TERMS<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Poem<\/em><\/strong>; It is a piece of writing\/composition in verses form, especially in stanza(s). it is the best words in best order.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Poet(ess);<\/em><\/strong> a person who composes poems.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Persona<\/em>;<\/strong> this is a person who speaks or narrates in the poem.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Poetic license<\/em><\/strong>; It is the freedom of the poet to break deliberately the grammar of a particular in use.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Verse<\/em><\/strong>; it is a single line in a stanza<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Stanza<\/em><\/strong>; this refers to a group of verses that form a single unit.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Rhyme<\/em><\/strong>; it refers to the repetition of similar sounds especially at the end of verse(s)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Rhythm<\/em><\/strong>; it is the pattern of stressed and unstressed words in musical beats especially in regular intervals.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Refrain<\/em><\/strong>; it refers to the repetition of the similar words\/lines at end of each stanza<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Alliteration<\/em><\/strong>; is a repetition of consonant sounds within the same verse at initial of words.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Consonance<\/em><\/strong>; this is the repetition of similar consonant sounds at the end of verses.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Assonance<\/em><\/strong>; it is a repetition of similar vowel sounds in the same verse.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Reiteration<\/em><\/strong>; it is the repetition of the same word(s) in the poem.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Parallelism<\/em><\/strong>; is the repetition of a line which have a similar structure with some similar phrases<\/span><strong>\/<\/strong><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">the use of similar or identical language, structures, events or ideas in different parts of a text.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Tone<\/em><\/strong>; this is the quality of sound a persona<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Mood<\/em><\/strong>; this is the state of being\/<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t<span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">the atmosphere or emotional condition created by the piece, within<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t<span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">the setting. It may be sympathy, anger, regretful, sadness etc.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Attitude<\/em><\/strong>; the way someone perceives something<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">FORMS OF POETRY<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">There are two types of poetry as the broader category according to perspectives\/views, these are;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"margin-left: 72pt\">\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Traditional poetry<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Modern poetry<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">TRADITIONAL POETRY<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">This refers to poems written by using rules or principles like equal number of verses in each stanza and follows rhyming pattern.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It is known as closed form of writing poems as it is governed by strict rules or principles.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">MODERN POETRY<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It is free verse, open form of writing poems in which the traditional strict rules and principles are not followed, instead are ignored.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">But we have types of poetry according to form (structure) and content. Under this category, we have three major types of poetry, namely;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Narrative poetry<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Lyric or lyrical poetry<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Dramatic poetry<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">NARRATIVE POEMS<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">These are kinds of poems which tell a story that are presented in the form of narrating a story. We have many poems (classifications) which belong to this category like Descriptive, didactic, epic, ballad etc.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">DESCRIPTIVE POEMS:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">These are specific categories of narrative poetry and are presented by describing\/giving features\/characteristics of something\/things.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">DIDACTIC POEMS<span style=\"font-size:12pt\">:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Are those poems which give instructions and are composed for educative purposes\/issues. For example, &#8220;Front line&#8221; by George Shea<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">EPIC POEMS:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"><span style=\"font-size:12pt\">These are gland heroic poems that try to narrate about phenomena or events of heroes\/heroic figures in a given society. Or it is a form of poem that recounts\/tells accomplishment of a heroic figure. It includes expansive setting, superhuman feats, gods and supernatural being.<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">BALLAD:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Is a poem where by it involves more than oneself\/personal in conversation or speaking in turn.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">These are some of narrative poetry as there are others like reflective, expressive etc.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">LYRICAL POEMS:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Are poems which express strong feelings\/emotions of the speaker or persona. There are three classifications of lyrical poems, which are ode, elegy and sonnet.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">ODE:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Is a poem that expresses serious issues\/addresses a person or celebration of events.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">ELEGY<span style=\"font-size:12pt\">:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Is a poem that expresses sorrowful or sad strong feelings especially on death of a close person. Or is a type of poem in which a poet mourns the death of a specific person. For example,&#8221;The Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.&#8221; by Nikki Glovanni.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">SONNET:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Is a poem that expresses feelings using fourteen verses\/ is a fourteen line poem normally with a distinctive rhyme skills and a metrical pattern.  &#8220;If we must die&#8221; &#8220;Merry-go-round&#8221; and &#8220;The strange wind&#8221; are good examples of sonnet poems.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">DRAMATIC POETRY:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Is a kind of poetry that involves dramatic narrative form and using more than one-self\/persona. There are two specifications of dramatic poetry;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">MONLOGUE:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Refer to poems that are under this category that involve one speaker who is in charge of more than him\/herself. E.g. &#8220;Song of Lawino&#8221;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">DIALOGUE<span style=\"font-size:12pt\">:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Refer to poems which are involving more than one speaker or persona.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">C: DRAMA\/PLAY:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Is a piece of writing performed by actors in a theater, television or radio. It ought to be a just and likely image of human nature, reproducing the passions and humours and the change of fortune to which it is subjected for the delight and instructions of mankind.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It refers to the imitation of complete actions adapted to the sympathetic attention of man, developed in a succession of continuously related incidents acted and expressed by means of speech and the symbol actualities and conditions of life. If a drama does not use\/employ words instead it only uses gestures, it is now called a<em> pantomime<\/em><br \/>\n\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">ELEMENTS OF DRAMA\/PLAY<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Setting<\/em><\/strong>; this refers to the place where the literary work is set and time referring to the story. Normally, the setting is real or imaginative in nature. The setting can be specific (e.g., New York City in 1930) or ambiguous (e.g., a large urban city during economic hard times). Also refers directly to a description thereof.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Characterization\/dramatic personage<\/em><\/strong>: is a process of choosing characters\/actors\/actress and shape them to represent and portray the intended message. <strong><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/strong>On the other hand, this is the author&#8217;s means of conveying to the reader a character&#8217;s personality, life history, values, physical attributes, etc. Also refers directly to a description thereof.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Plot:<\/em><\/strong> this is the arrangement (organization) or series of events\/incidents in a narrative or play\/drama. It is a superstructure of literary work specifically a novel or drama\/play.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Plot is the interplay and sequence of events in a story artistically arranged so that the author may attain a specific aesthetic or artistic impact. It can be arranged chronologically or achronologically depending on the author&#8217;s interest.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Audience<\/em><\/strong>: these are the people who receive the desired message through listening, reading, observing or watching a drama\/play.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Diction<\/em><\/strong>: this is the choice and use of words in a literary work.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Style\/technique<\/em><\/strong>: refers to the way on how a literary work is structured\/presented by the author\/playwright.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Theme<\/em><\/strong>:<strong><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/strong>The main idea or message conveyed by the piece of writing. A theme is generally stated as a complete sentence; an idea expressed as a single word or fragmentary phrase is called a <em>motif<\/em><strong>.<\/strong><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Motif<\/em><\/strong><\/span>: <span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">A recurring important idea or image. A motif differs from a theme in that it can be expressed as a single word or fragmentary phrase, while a theme usually must be expressed as a complete sentence.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">DIFERRENCES BETWEEN DRAMA AND PLAY<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Drama uses physical setting but play is shaped by words<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Drama uses actual actions as acted while play uses words to shape actions<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Drama has many audience than play as it involves illiterate and literate people in the society<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Drama started before play<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">The story is easier grasped in drama than in  play<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Drama is in spoken while play is always in written language<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Drama uses real characters while play uses imaginary characters shaped by words.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">TYPES OF PLAY\/DRAMA<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">There are about four types of drama\/play but the two types are the major ones of the four<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">TRAGEDY<span style=\"font-size:12pt\">:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It is a type of drama that involves seriousness of actions\/issues and leads the hero of the drama to endanger his life or ending to death or isolation. E.g. &#8220;An enemy of the people&#8221; and &#8220;Death of a salesman&#8221;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">COMEDY<span style=\"font-size:12pt\">:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It is a kind of drama which uses humorous\/funny actions that can make people laugh. It is normally characterized by mistaken identity as well as happy ending.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">TRAGICOMEDY:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It is the combination of both seriousness and humour but never the hero to die even when he is faced with dangerous situations.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\">MELO DRAMA:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">This involves excitement of actions very exaggerated and musical sounds, elements in the play for entertainment.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">FORM<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">CONTENTS<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">FORM;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Consists of the following,<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Setting<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Style<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Plot<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Diction<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Linguistic techniques<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Characterization<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">STYLE<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">In a normal sense, style is a method of doing or performing something especially in the arts or science. In a literary work, technique\/style refers to the way the work has been structured. There are many styles being used in presenting literary works, some of them are as discussed below;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Flashback\/analepsis<\/em><\/strong>:  is an interjected scene that takes the narrative back in time from the current point the story has reached. Not only that but also flashback can be defined as an achronological movement back in time, so that a chronologically earlier incident is related later in the text.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Generally, flashback is referred to as the insertion of an earlier event into the chronological structure of a novel, motion picture, play and films.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Oral traditional style\/straight forward<\/em><\/strong>: this is the style in which a story is told from the beginning, middle and to its end. It is a commonly and older used literary technique unlike others.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Overshadowing\/prolepsis: <\/em><\/strong>it is a literary technique which involves showing a little insight of what the work of art is comprised and then giving detailed information as the work is developed<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">PLOT<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">This refers to an arrangement (organization) of events in a narrative or play. It is clearly reflected through conflicts, physical, moral or personal conflict. A story is what happens, a plot is the actions.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Plot is an interplay and sequence of events in a story artfully arranged so that the author may attain the desired aesthetic or artistic effect. It is built through the following;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Exposition<\/em><\/strong>: is the point that involves defining the setting and characterization.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Imposing problem\/conflict<\/em><\/strong>: the point where the writer starts to develop the story using conflicting ideas of two characters\/sides.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Rising action<\/em><\/strong>: this involves developing actions\/events from the problem\/conflicting ideas to other new developed problems.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Climax<\/em><\/strong>: the highest point of interest that the story centers.<\/span><strong><br \/>\n\t\t<\/strong><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Or it is the turning point in a story, at which the end result becomes inevitable, usually where something suddenly goes terribly wrong; the &#8220;dramatic high point&#8221; of a story.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Falling actions: <\/em><\/strong>the point where the interest of the reader starts to go\/drop down.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Resolution\/denouncement<\/em><\/strong>: the point in which solutions of the problem are found and suggestions are given out.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">CHARACTERIZATION<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">This is the artistic technique which refers to the creation of imaginary persons so that they exist for the reader as life-like.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">How do we determine characters?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Behavior, trait or features<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">His\/her words, what he\/she speaks\/says<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">His\/her actions\/deeds, what he\/she does<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">His\/her name<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">What is said by other characters to another<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">His\/her own monologue<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">What he\/she thinks in armchair<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Physical movement<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Psychological set up\/background which is the mental pictures of that character<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Moral aspects<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">TYPES OF CHARACTERS<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Protagonist character<\/em><\/strong>; these are characters that carry the burden\/side of the majority as they are used on behalf of the society interests.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Antagonist characters<\/em><\/strong>; are those characters that tend to go against the protagonist characters and they are selfish, defending their personal interests.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Main characters<\/em><\/strong>; these are characters that are seen throughout the work whether pro or antagonist and are used to send\/convey the intended message to the society through their conflicting ideas.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Minor characters<\/em><\/strong>; are helping characters who help the main characters to carry a message.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Round characters<\/em><\/strong>; are those characters that change their personality in the work of art. They develop from one stage to another. In another way they are known as developing characters.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Flat characters<\/em><\/strong>; are those characters that do not change as throughout the entire work of art as they are static in nature. However, they can sometimes be called static characters.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Stock characters<\/em><\/strong>; are borrowed characters from another field like from oral tradition.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>THE ROLE OF LITERATURE IN THE SOCIETY<\/em><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">To educate people; by inculcating them with sense of awareness and self-activation. It develops the mind of people by giving them knowledge on the existing social realities, as it makes the person to reason.<em><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">To entertain the people by the use of aesthetic pleasure that stimulates the sense of enjoyment. It is through reading, listening and watching literary works like novels, plays and films\/movies.<em><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">To develop language as it uses language as the medium of presentation, then people develop language\/communicative skills of reading, writing, listening and speaking. It improves the stock of vocabulary and grammar.<em><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">To liberate people physically and mentally as it directs people towards their problems, they may decide to liberate themselves through struggles as it awakens and inform of the social realities.<em><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">To criticize the society\/people as it points out the weakness, follies, vices and evils of the society as well as giving out good things as the views of what the society should do away from the existing circumstances.<em><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">To express people&#8217;s culture which includes values, norms, customs, beliefs, language etc. it makes\/promotes good or useful aspects of culture. Also it makes people abandon bad practices, norms and beliefs.<em><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">To influence people towards changes. People may be influenced to act or do things in some ways after reading or watching literary works. It instills revolutionary ideas.<em><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>NB: <\/em>Changes can be positive or negative.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE<br \/>\n<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">The language of literature always is not direct. It is a connotative language which implies indirect meaning\/literary meaning rather than direct\/literal or denotative meaning. And it is that language which is referred to as <em>figurative language\/literary meaning<\/em>.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Hence, in order for the interpretation to obtain meaning in any literary work, it has to be done through;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Association<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Context<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Impact<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Figurative language includes the following;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Imagery<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Figures of speech<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Proverbs<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Riddles<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Sayings<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Idioms<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">etc.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>IMAGERY:<br \/>\n<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It is the figurative language that when it is used, it paints a mental picture in the mind of the reader\/listener. Or<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Imagery refers to the use of language to represent descriptive things, actions or even abstract ideas. On the other hand, imagery is Language which describes something in detail, using words to substitute for and create sensory stimulation, including visual imagery and sound imagery. Also refers to specific and recurring types of images, such as food imagery and nature imagery.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It involves mental picture language, for example;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>&#8220;Her body has unusual black, like soot<br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>With terrifying rashes,<br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>And chronic sores.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>She is getting thinner, thinner and thinner<br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>Than a mosquito body&#8221;<br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">When a person reads the above verses, he\/she may paint a picture\/image of a person who is thinner or becoming thinner than a mosquito body as well as her body is terribly destroyed by rashes and black scars like soot.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>FIGURES OF SPEECH<br \/>\n<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Is the use of language that one thing refers in terms of another which it symbolically resembles.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">There are many figures of speech in literature, below are some of them;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Metaphor: <\/em><\/strong>is the figure of speech which implies direct comparison of two unlike things without using conjunctions. For example;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">He is a lion<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">She is a green snake in the green grass<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Simile: <\/em><\/strong>is a comparison of two unlike things using conjuctions.  It is an indirect relationship where one thing or idea is expressed as being similar to another. Similes usually contain the words &#8220;like&#8221; or &#8220;as,&#8221; but not always.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">  For example;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">He looks like a dog<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">She is as slow as a snail<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Symbolism<\/em><\/strong>: is the use of specific symbols, ideas, objects or events to represent\/suggest or stand for something else. For example;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Blood-sacrifice, relationship<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Rain\/water-life\/hope<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Personification<\/em><\/strong>: this is a figure of speech that gives or endows objects, animals, ideas or things the ability to do thing like human beings. Or<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Is the giving of attributes to inanimate that they do not deserve (inanimate means non-animals e.g. stones, trees etc.). For example;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Hyena said, let me eat<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">The mountain rose majestically<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">All the birds sang sorrowfully<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Hyperbole\/overstatement<\/em><\/strong>: is a figure of speech that involves exaggeration of things, ideas or events. For example;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Mr. John invited billions of people to his party<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Ayoub always eats ten dishes of food<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Euphemism: <\/em><\/strong>is a figure of speech that is used to reduce harshness of words that could be spoken in the public. For example;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Passed away instead of died<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Family way instead of pregnant<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Vagina\/female reproductive organ instead of cunt<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Metonymy: <\/em><\/strong>is a figure of speech characterized by the substitution of one item closely related to another. For example;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Crown-king\/queen<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">State house- president<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Chair-leadership<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Irony: <\/em><\/strong>is the figure of speech that tells\/speaks opposite of what is meant to be. It is where an event that occurs is unexpected, and which is in absurd or mocking opposition to what is expected or appropriate. For example;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">A man of the people-enemy<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">An enemy of the people-friend<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Satire<\/em><\/strong>: it is a figure of speech\/literary term that use humour or wit to ridicule human vices, follies or weakness. It is used for the purpose of improving human institutions or humanity.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Sarcasm: <\/em><\/strong>this is a figure of speech that uses language and inflicting, wounding as well as tormenting a person. For example;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Despite your richness but you have no even a single child!<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Do you think you are so special? If so, you are deducing yourself!<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">No one can marry such kind of a person like you!<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Onomatopoeia: <\/em><\/strong>refers to the formation of words referring to the sounds produced by the originator of the words. For example;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">The hissing of a snake<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">The bang of the door<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Depersonification: <\/em><\/strong>this is a figure of speech which gives a human being the inanimate (non-human) characteristics or behavior<strong><em>. <\/em><\/strong>For example;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">He barked like a rabid dog<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">She has as a long neck as a giraffe<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Apostrophe: <\/em><\/strong>an explanation in which a person is addressing an absence or dead human being or a non-human creature, as if they can hear or reply. For example;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">They visit us in dream<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">The dead never comes back<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Paradox: <\/em><\/strong>this is a contradictory statement which has some truth when interpreted, where a situation is created which cannot possibly exist, because different elements of it cancel each other out<\/span>.\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">You will kill him with your kindness<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Let us develop a dangerous habit of unselfishness<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Allusion: <\/em><\/strong>the comparison of an ordinary person or event with a past famous or notorious person or event. For example;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">The use of a passion week<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">The use of biblical\/Quranic terms<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Synecdoche: <\/em><\/strong>the substitution of a meaning where a part of an entity is mentioned to mean the whole entity or the whole entity is mentioned to mean its part. For example;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">I employ many hands because I have many mouths to feed<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Tanzania won a gold medal in the Marathon<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Oxymoron: <\/em><\/strong>a statement in which elements of opposite meanings are used<strong><em>. <\/em><\/strong>For example;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Let us agree not to disagree<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">feather of lead<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">sick health<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">cold fire<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Allegory: <\/em><\/strong>a story that has two meanings, one open and direct meaning, and another indirect, hidden but intended meaning, where every aspect of a story is representative, usually symbolic, of something else, usually a larger abstract concept or important historical\/geopolitical event<\/span>.<span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><br \/>\n\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>Understatement\/litotes: <\/em><\/strong>this is a figure of speech which describes or represents something being smaller or less significant than it really is. Consider the examples below;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">She is becoming thinner and thinner than a mosquito body.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">He is shorter that he is able to sit on a paracetamol tablet.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>TONE<br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">This is the fundamental attitude which the poet takes towards his subject or audience and to his entire understanding so as to communicate his feeling. Tone can be expressed in the following ways;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Ironical tone<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Satirical tone<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Sarcastic tone<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Humorous tone<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Wit tone<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Happiness, anger, seriousness, sorrowful, sadness, regretful etc.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>STANZA<br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Is a poetic unit made up of a number of lines. Stanzas also are categorized according to a number of lines\/verses it contains. They include;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Couplet-2lines<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Triplet-3lines<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Quatrain-4lines<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Quintent-5lines<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Sestet-6lines<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Septet-7lines<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Octave-8lines<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">etc.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>PRACTICAL ANALYSIS\/CRITICISM ON POEMS<br \/>\n<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">There are several things that you are required to consider when you are analyzing a poem. The following are important things to consider;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 36pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>TOOLS; poem<br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>                        A dictionary<br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>                       The detailed checklist for analyzing poetry<br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>THE DETAILED CHECKLIST<br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">This is the list of procedures and technicalities to be employed\/considered in poetry analysis. They include the following;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>The title of a poem<\/em>; the title sometimes may help you to get a clue on what the poem is about. It is also more helpful to the reader for predicting the content of a given poem. However, it is not necessarily that every title is capable of suggesting the content of the poem as titles are ironical in nature.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>Form\/structure<\/em>; this refers to how the poem is construed specifically in considering the verses and\/or stanzas it contains. It may have fourteen or less and more verses, perhaps.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>General message\/content; <\/em>this is referred to as the core message a poem contains.<em><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>Other possible themes; <\/em>these are supplementary issues discussed in a poem. They are sometimes known as motifs.<em><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>The speaker\/persona; <\/em>this is the one who speaks in a poem. He\/she may be passive persona who only narrates about a problem\/situation without him\/herself being affected by it. Also, he\/she can be an active persona who is directly affected by the topic of discussion.<em><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>Language use\/diction; <\/em>this is referred to the way on how a language is used to mould a poem. This is so crucial in Literature, Language use is very influential in moulding the message the artist wants to convey.  It includes the level of formality (i.e. formal or informal\/standard or non-standard), figures of speech as well as imagery.<em><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>Musical devices; <\/em>here a reader is ought to pay much attention on issues like rhyme, rhythm, refrain, assonance, consonance, alliteration, reiteration, anadiplosis, parallelism etc.<em><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>Tone\/mood\/attitude of the persona; <\/em>understanding of tone\/mood\/attitude can help a reader to determine the message, a poet intended to convey to his\/her audience.<em><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>Relevance of the poem; <\/em>a reader is supposed to relate the motifs with his\/her contemporary society. The poem may only be relevant if it reflects the social reality in the reader&#8217;s society.<em><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>WORKED EXAMPLES ON POEMS CRITICAL APPRECIATION<br \/>\n<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>EAT MORE by Joe Corrie<br \/>\n<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Eat more fruit, the slogan say<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">More fish, more beef, more bread<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">But I&#8217;m on unemployment pay<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">My third year now and wed.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">And also I wonder when I see<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">The slogan when I pass<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">The only one that would suit me<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Eat more bloody grass.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><strong><em>CRITICAL CRITICISM<br \/>\n<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Who speaks in the poem?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">The one who speaks in this poem is the active persona who is directly affected by unemployment and he is complaining about eating balanced diet while he cannot afford it due to his poor financial position.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">What is the tone\/mood\/attitude of the speaker?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">The persona&#8217;s tone\/mood\/attitude is sadness\/angry (anger) and seriousness because he is complaining on the situation of unemployment that makes him to fail to afford eating balanced diet.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">How the poem is organized (structured)?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">The poem is organized into two stanzas with four verses in each stanza.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Comment on the Language use<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">The Language used in a poem is ordinary or standard Language because it uses the common words. Also it follows the grammatical rules like punctuation.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">However, there is the use of figurative language which include the following;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Imagery; this can be depicted by the description of the slogan as well the diet contents specifically in the first stanza.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Figures of speech; there is a lot of figures of speech depicted in this poem, and they include;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>Symbolism<\/em> e.g. &#8220;bloody grass&#8221; to symbolize the lower class (poor) and &#8220;fish, beef and bread&#8221; to symbolize the upper class in the society (rich) as well as the balanced diet.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<em>Personification;<\/em> this is vividly at the first verse of the first stanza as the poet says;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">&#8220;Eat more fruit, <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">the slogan says<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">More fish, more beef, more bread&#8221;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">What is the content\/general idea\/topic of the poem?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">The general idea\/content of the poem is unemployment which results to poverty, exploitation, protest, conflict etc.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">What are the poetic features used in this poem?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Different poetic features used in this poem, they include the following;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 51pt\">\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Rhyme; the rhymes used are; &#8220;abab&#8221; rhyming scheme in the in the first stanza and &#8220;cdcd&#8221; rhymes in the second stanza\/last stanza.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Repetition of similar sounds e.g.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>Alliteration<\/em> &#8220;m&#8221; and &#8220;b&#8221; in the second verse of the first stanza<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">M<\/span>ore fish, <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">m<\/span>ore <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">b<\/span>eef, <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">m<\/span>ore <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">b<\/span>read<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>Reiteration<\/em>; <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">eat<\/span>, <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">more<\/span>, <span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">slogan<\/span>.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>Consonance;<\/em> e.g. &#8220;d&#8221; in the second and fourth stanza of the first stanza;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">                     &#8220;Eat more fruit, the slogan say<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">                                                           More fish, more beef, more brea<span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">d<\/span><br \/>\n\t\t<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">                                                          But I&#8217;m on unemployment pay<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">                                                           My third year now and we<span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">d<\/span>.&#8221;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 105pt\">\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><em>Assonance;<\/em>  this is seen in the second verse of the first stanza as shown below;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">                     &#8220;Eat more fruit, the slogan say<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">                                                         More f<span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">i<\/span>sh, more b<span style=\"text-decoration:underline\">ee<\/span>f, more bread<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 108pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">                     &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211; &#8221;<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 108pt\">\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">What is the type of this poem?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">It is a lyric poem which is short and expresses strong feelings\/ideas of a persona.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">Is the poem relevant to your contemporary society?<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\">The poem is so relevant to our contemporary society as in most cases people in power insist the implementation of different slogans without even considering their affordability to the common people.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>LITERATURE Etymologically, the term Literature comes from a Latin word &#8220;Litteraturae&#8221; which means writings. In general form Literature is applied<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":338,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-94","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english-and-literature","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>LITERATURE IN ENGLISH FULL NOTES - MAKTABA EDUCATION CENTER<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/edu.co.tz\/notes\/literature-in-english-full-notes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"LITERATURE IN ENGLISH FULL NOTES - MAKTABA EDUCATION CENTER\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LITERATURE Etymologically, the term Literature comes from a Latin word &#8220;Litteraturae&#8221; which means writings. 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